A Modern Inquiry into the Hermetic Mystery
Part I: An Overview of Alchemy’s History and Theory
Chapter 2: The Theory of Transformation and the Universal Matter
“All that the wise seek is found in Mercury.”
— Turba Philosophorum
The Core of Alchemical Theory
Alchemy’s theory, though mysterious, is fundamentally simple. Arnold de Villanova captured it in his Speculum: “Nature holds a pure substance that, when refined through art, transforms any imperfect material it touches.” This idea—that all things share a common, primal essence—is the foundation of alchemical transformation, whether of metals, plants, or even the human spirit.
This universal matter, often called Mercury or the First Matter, is the key to alchemy. Unlike ordinary matter, it’s hidden, not revealed by standard analysis. Alchemists believed that metals, minerals, and all of nature’s creations stem from this shared essence. By reducing a substance to this primal state and refining it with a powerful, purified agent, they could transform it into something greater—like turning lead into gold.
Addressing Misconceptions
Critics argue that transforming one type of material into another (e.g., lead into gold) would create a mixed, impure result, not true gold, because distinct types, or “species,” cannot change. They claim such a mix would be a flawed hybrid, neither one nor the other. Alchemists agree that species themselves don’t transform—lead stays lead, gold stays gold—but they focus on the underlying substance common to all metals. This shared essence, not the specific form, is what they manipulate.
Roger Bacon explained, “Species don’t change, but their underlying matter can. The first step is to dissolve the material into its primal form, like mercury, which is the foundation of the art.” The Rosarium Philosophicum echoes this: “The art begins with dissolving the material into a water-like state, called living mercury. Species can’t change because they resist ordinary decay, but their underlying matter, which can decay, can be transformed if reduced to its original essence. This allows a new form to emerge, just as glass is made from stones and ashes.”
Arnold de Villanova added, “Species don’t transform, but individual instances of them can.” Avicenna and Aristotle, quoted by George Ripley, support this: “Metals can’t change unless reduced to their first matter, but this reduction is possible.” Ripley’s verse clarifies:
The Philosopher wrote in Meteorology
That metals’ forms can’t be transformed,
But added that their primal matter,
Once reached, allows true change.
Thus, metals can become mercury-like,
Proving this science is no mere opinion,
As Raymond Lully and others confirm.
When Lully stated that species can’t change, he wasn’t denying alchemy but correcting a misunderstanding. The art focuses on transforming the universal substance, not the outward form.
The Universal Matter
This universal matter, or First Matter, is the heart of alchemy. It’s both the substance to be transformed and the agent of transformation when purified and activated. Alchemists warned against impostors who spoke of “tingeing sulfur” or other false ideas, narrowing the infinite scope of this ancient science. As one adept noted, “Trust not those who tell fables. Only light—discovered and perfected through art—can be multiplied. It flows from the source of all creation, ascending and descending. Applied to any material, it perfects it: animals become nobler, plants thrive, and minerals rise from base to pure.”
A common error was believing alchemists extracted this essence from gold or silver. They didn’t. Every material, they argued, contains its own passive principles for transformation, needing no external addition. Misconceptions—like weighing elements precisely or using sunlight and moonlight—stem from taking their metaphors literally. Alchemists worked with a living, universal essence, not ordinary substances, using a scientific method to surpass nature’s usual limits.
The Lucerna Salis describes this essence:
A certain substance exists everywhere,
Not earth, fire, air, or water, yet lacking none.
It can become any of these,
Purely containing all nature—hot, cold, wet, dry.
Only wise sages know it, calling it their salt,
Drawn from their earth, not common dirt.
It’s the world’s salt, holding all life,
A medicine to preserve you from all ills.
The Rosarium adds, “The Stone is one, the medicine is one. We add nothing, only remove impurities in preparation.” Geber declared, “All is made of Mercury. When gold is reduced to its primal mercury, nature embraces nature, becoming a potent spirit and living water—dry yet unified, never to separate.” Aquinas emphasized, “Mercury alone perfects our work. Nothing else is needed. Some mistakenly add other substances, but gold and silver share the same root as our Mercury. It dissolves, coagulates, whitens, reddens, and transforms itself into all colors, uniting and birthing its own perfection.”
The Universal Ether
This universal matter isn’t known in everyday life, where nature appears in varied forms. Alchemists claimed to access it in its pure, essential state through their art, revealing a single source behind all existence. To understand their doctrine, we must avoid misinterpreting their metaphors and seek this Mercury’s true nature.
Ancient Greek philosophers—Stoics, Pythagoreans, Platonists, and Peripatetics—called this essence the Ether, a hidden fire permeating all things. They saw it as the source of life, regulating nature from the heavens to the earth’s core. Virgil captured this in the Aeneid:
A spirit within sustains the heavens, earth, and seas,
The Moon’s bright orb and starry skies.
It stirs the cosmos, blending with its vast frame.
Hebrew teachings align closely, describing a similar vital principle, often dismissed by later ignorance as pagan nonsense. Common experience shows life depends on air, but not all air sustains it. Some invisible quality in the atmosphere feeds life, though modern science struggles to define it, unable to capture or analyze it. Chemists like Homberg, Boerhaave, and Boyle, along with Bishop Berkeley in Siris, supported the alchemical view of a universal ether—a subtle, elastic substance giving life, sustaining all, and driving nature’s cycles of creation and destruction.
Moving Forward
To grasp alchemy’s promise, we must explore this universal matter further, asking if it still exists and how it can be identified. The alchemists’ Mercury, the source of their transformative power, invites us to look beyond surface appearances and seek the hidden unity of all things.